Fundamentals of Management, 10e (Robbins)
Chapter 8 Managing Change and Innovation
1) Change can't be eliminated, so managers must learn to ________ successfully.
A) avoid it
B) ignore it
C) work around it
2) Which of the following is an example of a structural organizational change?
A) changing employee attitudes
B) changing work practices
C) purchasing new work equipment
3) Which of the following is an example of a technology change within an organization?
A) forming teams to complete tasks
B) workers using new software
C) workers wanting to telecommute
4) Which of the following is an organizational "people change"?
A) work methods that people use
B) authority relationships between people
C) attitudes that people have
5) Which of the following is an organizational structure change?
A) the building of a new workshop
B) resentment of bosses by employees
C) a new way to package chocolate cake
6) Which of the following is an organizational technology change?
A) purchase of a new backhoe
B) employees expecting a raise
C) employees accepting a new schedule
7) The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act is an example of which of the following forms
of environmental change?
A) internal
B) technology
C) government laws and regulations
8) Falling interest rates are an example of what kind of external force that causes a company to
need to make an organizational change?
A) marketplace competition forces
B) government laws and regulations
C) labor market forces
9) Which of the following is an internal force that can cause a company to make an
organizational change?
A) a new ad campaign
B) new safety requirements
C) a new rival company
10) Which of the following is an external force that would cause a company to make an
organizational change?
A) an organization-wide restructuring
B) the naming of a new CEO
C) a widening span of control for managers
11) To compete with rival company X, company Y changes its management structure. This is an
example of ________.
A) an internal change causing an external change
B) an internal change causing another internal change
C) an external change causing another external change
12) After a thorough company-wide self-examination, company Y decides to set up work teams.
This is an example of ________.
A) an internal change causing an external change
B) an internal change causing another internal change
C) an external change causing another external change
13) A company's workers asking to be able to celebrate Mexican holidays is an example of
________ force for change.
A) an external workforce composition
B) an internal workforce composition
C) an external tactic
14) Labor strikes are an example of what change factor that may encourage a change in
management thinking and practices?
A) workforce composition
B) equipment
C) employee attitude
15) In organizations, people who act as catalysts and assume the responsibility for managing the
change process are called ________.
A) managers
B) change agents
C) change managers
16) Outside consultants generally try to initiate ________ changes than internal managers.
A) more drastic
B) less drastic
C) more cautious
17) The "calm waters" metaphor envisions an organization as ________.
A) a large ship on a roiling sea
B) a large ship on a calm sea
C) a small raft on a calm sea
18) The "white-water rapids" metaphor envisions an organization as ________.
A) a large ship on a roiling sea
B) a large ship on a calm sea
C) a small raft on a calm river
19) The "white-water rapids" metaphor sees change as ________.
A) an occasional occurrence
B) the natural state of things
C) an unpleasant interruption of the normal calm
20) Kurt Lewin's "calm waters" metaphor sees change as ________.
A) an unusual event
B) an everyday event
C) unfortunate
21) The first step in Lewin's three-step description of the change process involves ________.
A) freezing the new state
B) changing to a new state
C) unfreezing the status quo
22) The final step in Lewin's three-step description of the change process is ________.
A) freezing the new state
B) unfreezing the status quo
C) changing to a new state
23) According to Lewin, which of the following is a force that might overcome inertia and
unfreeze the status quo?
A) increase restraining forces
B) maintain restraining forces
C) decrease driving forces
24) According to Lewin, which of the following is the objective of refreezing?
A) to stabilize the new situation
B) to promote movement away from existing equilibrium
C) to eliminate the need for future change
25) According to Lewin, which of the following is the best way to unfreeze the status quo?
A) increase restraining forces
B) decrease restraining forces and increase driving forces
C) decrease driving forces
26) The goal in Lewin's "calm waters" metaphor is ________.
A) to change the current equilibrium state
B) to reach a state of constant change
C) to eliminate the equilibrium state
27) Today, Lewin's "calm waters" metaphor is increasingly thought to be ________.
A) illogical
B) an apt description of the current situation
C) a blueprint for the future
28) Which phenomenon in today's business climate has made the "white-water rapids" metaphor
popular?
A) reduced competition
B) corporations that are too powerful
C) organizations that resist change
29) Writing laws to reward industries to reduce carbon emissions in an effort to combat global
climate change can be best described as an example of which of the following?
A) unfreezing the status quo
B) freezing a change into place
C) implementing change
30) Kurt Lewin originated some of his most important group dynamics ideas by studying which
of the following?
A) family vacations during World War I
B) force fields in physics
C) how football has blocking and driving forces
31) Lewin's force field analysis identified ________ forces that compete when people try to
achieve a goal.
A) physical push-and-pull
B) driving and blocking
C) enormous
32) In terms of change, Lewin's force field analysis might see ________ as a driving force.
A) fear of change
B) inertia
C) reward from change
33) Signing up for a college course that varies in length from 2 to 30 weeks with classes that last
from 20 minutes to 3 hours is an example of which metaphor of change?
A) Three step model
B) Calm-waters
C) White-water rapids
34) Organization development (OD) helps employees ________.
A) deal with planned change
B) deal with unplanned change
C) avoid unpleasant change
35) Organization development can be viewed as an attempt to change an organization's
________.
A) structure
B) financial goals
C) culture
36) The most popular OD efforts involve cooperation and these kinds of activities.
A) individual interactions
B) group interactions
C) group assessment
37) Which of the following is NOT a common method of organization development (OD)?
A) teambuilding
B) process consultation
C) positive feedback
38) In process consultation, ________ observe and analyze an organization to find ways to
improve interpersonal processes.
A) outside consultants
B) top-level managers
C) ordinary employees
39) The primary goal of the OD method called teambuilding is to ________.
A) increase efficiency
B) increase trust and openness
C) identify troublemakers
40) Organizational change can be any alteration in an organization's people, structure, or
43) A company changing its computer operating system would not be an example of a
44) Ongoing changes like software updates are not considered changes in technology because
46) An aggressive new competitor in the marketplace is an external force that creates a need for
47) New online advertising technology is an external force that creates a need for organizational
49) The decision of an organization to bring in new equipment from the outside is an example of
54) In Lewin's view, the only way to effect change is to increase the driving forces that direct
56) In the "white-water rapids" metaphor of change, managers should expect change at any time,
57) The number of managers who face "white-water rapids" metaphor conditions is getting
58) Organization development (OD) consists of efforts to help organization members deal with
59) One important reason why organization development efforts are needed is that even planned
60) In a short essay, identify and discuss two external forces that bring about the need for
61) In a short essay, identify and discuss how internal forces can bring about the need for an
67) Which of the following is a term borrowed from the physical sciences that accurately
describes people's resistance to change?
A) energy
B) uncertainty
C) inertia
68) Uncertainty causes people to resist change because it ________.
A) replaces the unknown with the known
B) replaces the known with the unknown
C) increases performance expectations of an employee
69) Which of the following is NOT a common reason that people resist change?
A) habit
B) uncertainty
C) concern over personal loss
70) Older workers tend to resist change more than younger workers because they ________.
A) have less invested in the current system
B) have more invested in the current system
C) have confidence in themselves
71) Workers seem to reject a simple new manufacturing method that has been shown to increase
company sales because they say, "That is not the way we do things around here." These workers
are most likely to be resisting change due to which of the following?
A) uncertainty
B) habit
C) conflicts with company goals
72) Which kind of resistance to change is most likely to be beneficial to a company?
A) conflict with company goals
B) uncertainty
C) habit
73) Employees at a company protest a change that allows an automatic answering system to
answer phone inquiries, claiming that the company is becoming "depersonalized." They are most
likely resisting change due to ________.
A) uncertainty
B) habit
C) conflicts with company goals
74) Workers in a company are complaining about a new employee evaluation system. Which
kind of resistance to change are they demonstrating?
A) resistance out of habit
B) resistance because of uncertainty
C) resistance to protect company goals
75) Managers typically implement programs to reduce resistance to change when employees
________ in some way.
A) become uncomfortable
B) are challenged
C) become self-satisfied
76) A technique that helps employees deal with change that appeals to their sense of logic is
________.
A) manipulation
B) education and communication
C) coercion or threats to employees
77) A technique that helps employees deal with change that includes them in the decision-
making process is ________.
A) education and communication
B) negotiation
C) participation
78) If several efforts between a manager and an employee for reducing resistance to change fail
to allay employee fears, a manager might take him- or herself out of the process and try this.
A) facilitation and support
B) negotiation between parties
C) manipulation
79) When an entire workforce threatens to go on strike to protest a work change, managers might
try this method of reducing resistance to change.
A) education and communication
B) participation
C) facilitation and support
80) When managers threaten to fire workers unless they agree to go along with new company
policies, they are using which of the following?
A) negotiation
B) coercion
C) manipulation
81) Which method of reducing resistance to change is most likely to backfire on the manager
who uses it?
A) education and communication
B) negotiation
C) participation
82) When a manager attempts to covertly influence others by distorting the facts he is using
which of the following methods of reducing resistance to change?
A) manipulation
B) education
C) coercion
87) A manager who twists facts to make change seem less disruptive is using the technique of
88) A manager who mentions that supervisors might lose their jobs if they don't go along with a
89) Allowing employees to participate in the change process is NOT a common way to deal with
90) In a short essay, discuss why people resist change due to uncertainty. Include an example to
91) In a short essay, discuss why people resist change due to the fear of losing possessions or
92) In a short essay, discuss why people resist change when they think it is incompatible with
93) Stress in the workplace is an adverse reaction that people have in response to ________.
A) lack of ambition
B) demands, constraints, and opportunities
C) having too much confidence in oneself
94) An actor on stage getting "up" for a performance is an example of which of the following?
A) a negative aspect of stress
B) a positive aspect of stress
C) a condition not related to stress
95) Stress is most frequently associated with ________ only.
A) demands and constraints
B) opportunities and habits
C) opportunities and fear
96) Which statement is correct?
A) Stress is always bad.
B) Stress can be bad or good.
C) Stress is always good.
97) A constraint causes stress because it ________.
A) helps you achieve your goal
B) prevents you from achieving your goal
C) helps you define your goal
98) Potential stress can become actual stress when the outcome of an event is uncertain and
________.
A) not important to the individual
B) hard for the individual to understand
C) occurs on a regular basis
99) Potential stress can become actual stress when the outcome of an event is both ________ and
important to the individual.
A) uncertain
B) certain
C) meaningful
100) In Japan, the term used to describe death from overwork is ________.
A) rensei
B) karoshi
C) hanko
101) Which of the following countries reports the highest level of employee stress?
A) China
B) India
C) United Kingdom
102) This type of stress allows a person to perform at their highest levels during times when
performance is important.
A) Dysfunctional
B) Behavioral
C) Functional
103) Which type of demand is related to working conditions, such as having an office that is too
loud or overcrowded?
A) Task Demands
B) Role Demands
C) Interpersonal Demands
104) Which of the following is NOT a role demand that may cause stress for employees?
A) Role Conflict
B) Cultural Roles
C) Role Overload
105) What percentage of employees say that coworkers are a stressful part of their jobs?
A) About 50%
B) About 30%
C) About 15%
106) A baseball player in a slump who feels stress from trying to raise his batting average is
experiencing ________ stress.
A) task demand
B) role demand
C) role conflict
107) A light-hitting baseball player who is suddenly asked to be a power hitter and hit home runs
would be likely to experience ________ stress.
A) role overload
B) role demand
C) role conflict
108) A head football coach who tries to coach every phase of the team–offense, defense, and
special teams–rather than delegate authority is likely to suffer from ________.
A) task demand
B) interpersonal demand
C) role conflict
109) Which of the following might reduce a sense of task demand stress for a worker?
A) overcrowded conditions
B) uncomfortably high temperatures in the workplace
C) autonomy in the workplace
110) Which of the following might be a source of stress for an employee who is very happy with
her job with respect to the tasks she performs, what is expected from her, and how she is
supervised?
A) task demands
B) role overload
C) interpersonal demands
111) Anika loves being a professional dancer, but she feels stress from the tension-packed, high-
pressure, fear-filled demands of helping motivate members of her group. She is likely to be
experiencing stress from ________.
A) too much autonomy
B) organizational leadership
C) role overload
112) George constantly strives to excel. He must always get the highest grade in the class and
has a sense of urgency about him at all times. George probably has which of the following?
A) Type A personality
B) Type B personality
C) both Type A and Type B personalities
113) Kara is a very relaxed, easygoing person who appears to have all the time in the world. She
is never too busy to stop and chat for a moment. Kara has which of the following?
A) Type A personality
B) Type B personality
C) both Type A and Type B personalities
114) A key to dealing with stress is to recognize that all stress ________.
A) leads to dysfunctional work behavior
B) can be eliminated from an employee's life
C) cannot be eliminated from an employee's life
115) To reduce stress, managers need to make sure that employees ________.
A) have jobs that match their abilities
B) maximize their productivity
C) don't work too many hours
116) Job redesigns are good ways to reduce stress that employees feel from ________.
A) work overload or boredom
B) work overload only
C) boredom only
117) Stress from an employee's personal life can best be helped by this.
A) job redesign
B) MBO
C) employee assistance programs
118) Studies show that ________ personalities show negative effects from stress.
A) Type A
B) Type B
C) neither Type A nor Type B
119) What is the purpose of employee assistance programs (EAPs)?
A) to help employees with their diets
B) to help lower employee task demands
C) to get employees back to being productive
124) An employee who feels pressure to keep pace with work quotas is experiencing task
125) An employee who feels unsettled because he is not sure what his responsibilities are is
126) Role conflict is created when an employee does not feel confident that he or she can
129) An effective way to reduce workplace stress is to make sure that employees are
132) In a short essay, discuss ways that managers can help to reduce job-related stress for their
133) In a short essay, discuss ways that managers can help to reduce stress for their employees
134) ________ refers to the ability to combine ideas in a unique way or to make unusual
associations between ideas.
A) Innovation
B) Imagination
C) Creativity
135) ________ is the process of taking a creative idea and turning it into something useful.
A) Innovation
B) Imagination
C) Creativity
136) Some people believe that creativity is ________, while others think that creativity
________.
A) quickly and easily learned; is slowly learned
B) a genuine quality; does not really exist
C) inborn; can be learned
137) The first step in creativity involves ________.
A) making something useful
B) seeing things from a unique perspective
C) putting ideas together
138) Which of the following steps in the creativity process may take years before the idea finally
"gels" and the next step occurs?
A) perception
B) incubation
C) inspiration
139) The moment when all prior efforts in the creativity process successfully come together is
known as ________.
A) perception
B) incubation
C) inspiration
140) Using the systems model, managers can promote innovation by having the right ________.
A) people and inputs
B) people and environment
C) outputs and resources
141) ________ variables are thought to promote innovation.
A) Structural, cultural, and human resource
B) Organic, cultural, and tolerant
C) Structural, ambiguous, and tolerant
142) An innovative organization needs to tolerate ________ because creative ideas sometimes
seem foolish at first.
A) mismanagement
B) the impractical
C) conflict
143) An innovative organization needs to tolerate risk because employees ________ the creative
process.
A) being in physical danger is part of
B) being in physical danger is not part of
C) making mistakes is not part of
144) Managers who want creative and innovative employees should ________.
A) not place much emphasis on goals
B) focus on means rather than ends
C) focus on ends rather than means
145) ________ actively support innovation and every step of the process that leads to innovative
ideas.
A) Idea champions
B) Idea managers
C) All managers
146) All of the following are common personality characteristics of idea champions EXCEPT
________.
A) extremely high self-confidence
B) persistence
C) energy
153) In a short essay, discuss the three sets of variables that have been found to stimulate