Exam
Name___________________________________
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1)
Which is a uniquely sympathetic function?
1)
A)
regulation of pupil size
B)
regulation of respiratory rate
C)
regulation of cardiac rate
D)
regulation of body temperature
2)
Which of these effectors is not directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system?
2)
A)
most glands
B)
smooth muscle
C)
cardiac muscle
D)
skeletal muscle
3)
Which of the following does not describe the ANS?
3)
A)
a system of motor neurons that innervates all muscle cells
B)
involuntary nervous system
C)
general visceral motor system
D)
a system of motor neurons that innervates smooth and cardiac muscle and glands
4)
The parasympathetic fibers of the ________ nerves innervate smooth muscles of the eye that cause
the lenses to bulge to accommodate close vision.
4)
A)
abducens
B)
optic
C)
trochlear
D)
oculomotor
5)
Beta-blockers ________.
5)
A)
decrease heart rat e and blood pressure
B)
are potent antidepressants
C)
increase a dangerously low heart rate
D)
have widespread sympathetic effects
6)
The route of major parasympathetic outflow from the head is via the ________.
6)
A)
vagus nerve
B)
sympathetic trunk
C)
phrenic nerve
D)
sacral nerve
7)
The somatic and autonomic nervous systems differ in all of the following except ________.
7)
A)
their effectors
B)
their efferent pathways
C)
all of the neurotransmitters
D)
to some degree in target responses to their neurotransmitters
8)
Where would you not find a cholinergeric nicotinic receptor?
8)
A)
all postganglionic neurons
B)
skeletal muscle motor end plates
C)
adrenal medulla hormone producing cells
D)
all parasympathetic target organs
9)
The parasympathetic tone ________.
9)
A)
accelerates activity of the digestive tract
B)
causes blood pressure to rise
C)
prevents unnecessary heart deceleration
D)
determines normal activity of the urinary tract
10)
Autonomic dysreflexia ________.
10)
A)
involves uncontrolled activation of autonomic neurons
B)
is also known as autonomic areflexia
C)
results from overexcitatory input from the cortex
D)
usually precedes spinal shock
11)
Which sympathetic fibers form a splanchnic nerve?
11)
A)
those that synapse with parasympathetic fibers
B)
those that pass through the trunk ganglion to synapse in collateral or prevertebral ganglia
C)
those that synapse with somatic fibers
D)
those that synapse in the same trunk ganglion they entered
12)
Cardiovascular effects of the sympathetic division include all except ________.
12)
A)
constriction of most blood vessels
B)
increase of heart rate and force
C)
dilation of the blood vessels serving the skin and digestive viscera
D)
dilation of the vessels serving the skeletal muscles
13)
Raynaud's disease ________.
13)
A)
occurs primarily in association with injury to the spinal cord
B)
is characterized by exaggerated vasoconstriction in the extremities
C)
is frequently life threatening
D)
is induced by heat stress
14)
Once a sympathetic preganglionic axon reaches a trunk ganglion, it can do all but which one of the
following?
14)
A)
synapse with a parasympathetic neuron in the same trunk ganglion
B)
pass through the trunk ganglion without synapsing with another neuron
C)
synapse with a ganglionic neuron in the same trunk ganglion
D)
ascend or descend the trunk to synapse in another trunk ganglion
15)
Autonomic ganglia contain ________.
15)
A)
both somatic afferent and efferent neurons
B)
the cell bodies of motor neurons
C)
synapses between postganglionic fibers and their effectors
D)
an outer connective tissue capsule around the cell bodies of preganglionic motor neurons
16)
Which of the following is not a result of parasympathetic stimulation?
16)
A)
increased peristalsis of the digestive viscera
B)
elimination of urine
C)
salivation
D)
dilation of the pupils
17)
Which of the following appears to exert the most direct influence over autonomic function?
17)
A)
hypothalamus
B)
reticular formation
C)
midbrain
D)
medulla oblongata
18)
The "resting and digesting" division of the autonomic nervous system is the ________.
18)
A)
sympathetic division
B)
peripheral nervous system
C)
parasympathetic division
D)
somatic division
19)
Sympathetic division stimulation causes ________.
19)
A)
increased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure
B)
decreased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and decreased heart rate and blood
pressure
C)
increased blood glucose, increase d GI peristalsis, and decreased heart rate and blood pre ssure
D)
decreased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure
20)
The secretions of the adrenal medulla act to supplement the effects of ________.
20)
A)
parasympathetic innervation
B)
vagus nerve activity
C)
neurosecretory substances
D)
sympathetic stimulation
21)
Where would you not find an autonomic ganglion?
21)
A)
in the cervical region
B)
in the arm pit
C)
close to the visceral effectors they serve
D)
in the head
22)
Which of the following is not a plexus of the vagus nerve?
22)
A)
cardiac
B)
esophageal
C)
celiac
D)
pulmonary
23)
The smooth muscle of the digestive viscera is served largely by the ________.
23)
A)
tenth cranial nerve
B)
cephalic plexus
C)
pelvic nerves
D)
lumbar splanchnic nerves
24)
Erection of the penis or clitoris ________.
24)
A)
depends very li ttle on autonomic activation
B)
is primarily under sympathetic control
C)
is the result of coordinated activation by both sympathetic and parasympathetic input
D)
is primarily under parasympathetic control
25)
Which of the following adrenergic neurotransmitter receptors plays the major role in heart activity?
25)
A)
alpha 1
B)
beta 3
C)
beta 2
D)
beta 1
26)
The parasympathetic ganglion that serves the eye is the ________.
26)
A)
submandibular ganglion
B)
otic ganglion
C)
ciliary ganglion
D)
pterygopalatine ganglion
27)
Sympathetic responses generally are widespread because ________.
27)
A)
preganglionic fibers are short
B)
NE and epinephrine are secreted into the blood as part of the sympathetic response
C)
preganglionic fibers are long
D)
inactivation of ACh is fairly slow
28)
Fibers that enter and leave the sympathetic chain without synapsing form structures called
________.
28)
A)
gray rami communicantes
B)
spinal nerves
C)
white rami communicantes
D)
splanchnic nerves
29)
Over 90% of all parasympathetic fibers are derived from cranial nerve number ________.
29)
A)
XII
B)
V
C)
X
D)
VII
30)
Preparing the body for the "fight-or-flight" response is the role of the ________.
30)
A)
cerebrum
B)
parasympathetic nervous system
C)
somatic nervous system
D)
sympathetic nervous system
31)
Sympathetic nerves may leave the spinal cord at which vertebra?
31)
A)
first coccyx
B)
first thoracic
C)
second cervical
D)
third lumbar
32)
Which of the following statements is not true?
32)
A)
Sympathetic has extensive branching of preganglionic fibers; parasympathetic has minimal
branching of preganglionic fibers.
B)
Sympathetic division has short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers;
parasympathetic has long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers.
C)
Sympathetic origin is craniosacral; parasympathetic is thoracolumbar.
D)
Sympathetic ganglia are within a few centimeters of the CNS; parasympathetic are close to
visceral organs served.
33)
Control of temperature, endocrine activity, and thirst are functions associated with the ________.
33)
A)
medulla
B)
hypothalamus
C)
thalamus
D)
cerebellum
34)
Visceral reflex arcs differ from somatic in that ________.
34)
A)
visceral arcs involve two motor neurons
B)
visceral arcs do not use integration centers
C)
visceral arcs contain two sensory neurons
D)
somatic arcs contain one additional component that visceral arcs do not possess
35)
Emotions influence autonomic reactions primarily through integration in the ________.
35)
A)
inferior colliculus
B)
hypothalamus
C)
lateral horn of the spinal cord
D)
lateral geniculate of the thalamus
36)
Parasympathetic functions include ________.
36)
A)
mobilizing storage energy sources
B)
lens accommodation for close vision
C)
allowing the body to cope with an external threat
D)
a stimulation of heart rate and force of contraction
37)
Sweat glands are innervated by the ________ fibers alone.
37)
Figure 14.1
38)
Myelin sheath.
38)
39)
Richard has been under great stress and has complained of migraine headaches for weeks.
He tried all kinds of drugs, with little effect. When he was at the end of his rope, a friend
suggested yoga and meditation. Having nothing to lose, he tried them and after several
months, felt like a new person. How could these practices help him?
39)
40)
Carla was startled by an extremely loud bang that sounded like a gunshot. Her heartbeat
accelerated rapidly. When she found that the noise was only a car backfiring, she felt
greatly relieved but her heart kept beating heavily for over half an hour. Why did this
happen?
40)
41)
The parasympathetic division uses only ________ as a neurotransmitter in the ganglionic
neurons.
41)
42)
Describe four paths a preganglionic sympathetic fiber may take to reach its synapse point
with the ganglionic neuron.
42)
43)
The ________ receptor type is used by the heart, and when activated increases heart rate.
43)
44)
Discuss a way in which the opposing ANS systems cooperate with each other.
44)
45)
The two cholinergic receptor types are nicotonic and ________.
45)
Figure 14.1
46)
Cell body of ANS preganglionic neuron.
46)
47)
Alpha and beta receptors are classes of ________ receptors.
47)
48)
How is hypertension (high blood pressure) related to the ANS?
48)
49)
What effect does aging have on the ANS?
49)
50)
The ________ division alone adapts the lens of the eye for close vision.
50)
51)
What studies have suggested that the ANS can also be subject to voluntary controls?
51)
52)
In what ways are the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system different?
52)
53)
Mark eats a very big meal in the evening. After the meal his wife would like him to help
clean up, but Mark explains that he is "too tired" and promptly goes to sleep. What seems
to be his problem?
53)
54)
How are the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions anatomically different?
54)
Figure 14.1
55)
Cell body of ANS postganglionic neuron.
55)
56)
Cell body of the somatic neuron.
56)
57)
The only sympathetic preganglionic neuron to go directly to an organ is one branch of the
________ splanchnic nerve.
57)
58)
Norepinephrine-releasing fibers are called cholinergic fibers.
58)
59)
Autonomic reflex centers occur in the spinal cord, medulla, and midbrain.
59)
60)
The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS have the same effect on most body
organ systems.
60)
61)
The blood vessels of the skin are one of the few areas of the body where the vessels are innervated
by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
61)
62)
The adrenal medulla is considered a "misplaced" sympathetic ganglion by some.
62)
63)
All visceral organs receive dural innervation from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic
divisions of the ANS.
63)
64)
Rami communicantes are designated white or grey to indicate whether or not the fibers passing
through them are myelinated.
64)
65)
Autonomic ganglia are motor ganglia only.
65)
66)
The craniosacral division is another name for the parasympathetic division.
66)
67)
The autonomic nervous system may cause activation or inhibition, depending on the division that
is active and the target that is affected.
67)
68)
Splanchnic nerves are mixed motor and sensory nerves.
68)
69)
The autonomic and somatic nervous systems are two separate systems that work totally
independent of each other.
69)
70)
The ANS contains both sensory and motor neurons..
70)
71)
Most splanchnic nerves pass through the abdominal aortic plexus.
71)
72)
The celiac ganglion is primarily associated with the sympathetic division.
72)
73)
Most blood vessels are innervated by the sympathetic division alone.
73)
74)
The ANS stimulates smooth muscles, skeletal muscles and glands, whereas the somatic nervous
system innervates skeletal muscles only.
74)
75)
Most disorders of the autonomic nervous system reflect abnormalities of smooth muscle control.
75)
76)
Because the ANS is a visceral motor system, afferent pathways are of no importance and actually
are rarely found.
76)
77)
Through direct neural stimulation, the sympathetic division promotes many metabolic effects via
hormone release.
77)
78)
The rami communicantes are associated only with the sympathetic division of the ANS.
78)
79)
-adrenergic receptors are the only receptors found on the heart.
79)
80)
Because many of the same cardiac cells are innervated by both parasympathetic and sympathetic
fibers, the influence of the two divisions on the heart is synergistic.
80)
81)
Acetylcholine is the substance released by the axonal endings of the somatic efferent fibers and by
the parasympathetic nerve fiber endings.
81)
82)
The gray rami communicantes consist of myelinated postganglionic fibers.
82)
83)
Thermoregulatory responses to increased heat are mediated by the sympathetic nervous division.
83)
84)
All splanchnic nerves are sympathetic.
84)
85)
Events recorded in a lie detector examination are controlled by the sympathetic division.
85)
86)
Because parasympathetic fibers never run in spinal nerves, rami communicantes are associated
only with the sympathetic division.
86)
87)
Cranial nerves VII, IX, and X contain postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system.
87)
88)
Albuteral is used by asthma patients to dilate the bronchioles of the lungs and ease breathing.
88)
89)
Alpha-adrenergic effects dominate the direct control of blood pressure.
89)
90)
Cranial nerves III, VII, and IX supply the entire parasympathetic innervation of the head; however,
only the preganglionic fibers lie within these three pairs of cranial nerves.
90)
91)
The structures that specifically exhibit vasomotor tone are mostly under sympathetic control.
91)
92)
Decreases heart rate.
A)
Parasympathetic
Match the following:
glands.
94)
Postganglionic parasympathetic.
93)
95)
Stimulates ciliary muscles of the eye.
96)
Maintenance functions.
A)
Parasympathetic
97)
Most postganglionic sympathetic.
A)
Norepinephrine (NE)
postganglionic fibers.
98)
99)
Preganglionic parasympathetic.
A)
Acetylcholine (ACh)
100)
Active after you have eaten a meal.
101)
Increases blood pressure.
102)
Collateral ganglia.
A)
Parasympathetic
103)
Preganglionic sympathetic.
A)
Acetylcholine (ACh)
ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
104)
An elderly patient in a nursing home has recurrent episodes of fainting when he stands. An alert nurse notes
that this occurs only when his room is fairly warm; on cold mornings, he has no difficulty. What is the cause of
the fainting, and how does i t relate to the autonomic nervous system and to room temperature?
105)
Describe outcome criteria that can be used to evaluate whether a patient is effectively coping with a stressful
problem.
106)
Mrs. Oberhaus needs surgery to correct a severe case of Raynaud's disease, affecting one of her hands. What
surgical procedure will be performed? After the surgery, will she be more likely to suffer from anhidrosis (lack
of sweating) or hyperhidrosis (profuse sweating) in the affected hand?
107)
Propranolol hydrochloride (Inderal) is a beta-adrenergic blocker often used as an antianginal, antiarrhythmic,
and antihypertensive drug. Before giving Inderal to a patient, what should the nurse assess?
108)
Baroceptors in the carotid sinus monitor blood pressure. When the carotid sinus is stretched by blood pressure
or manipulation, a feedback response through the vagus nerve can be blocked by atropine. How would external
stimulation of the carotid artery, such as carotid massage, affect the heart rate?
Answer Key
1)
D
2)
D
3)
A
4)
D
5)
A
6)
A
7)
C
8)
D
9)
D
10)
A
11)
B
12)
C
13)
B
14)
A
15)
B
16)
D
17)
B
18)
C
19)
A
20)
D
21)
B
22)
C
23)
A
24)
D
25)
D
26)
C
27)
B
28)
D
29)
C
30)
D
31)
B
32)
C
33)
B
34)
A
35)
B
36)
B
37)
sympathetic
38)
E
39)
The practitioner of meditation and biofeedback techniques seems to enter a physiological state of concentration that
40)
The effects of sympathetic activators are long lasting, because norepinephrine is inactivated slowly. Also, the adrenal
41)
acetylcholine
42)
It can synapse with a ganglionic neuron in the sympathetic trunk ganglion; ascend or descend within the chain to
Answer Key
44)
Prior to and during intercourse the parasympathetic system causes erection in the male penis and female clitoris.
45)
muscarinic
46)
A
47)
adrenergic
48)
activity, the heart, and blood vessel constriction, it is not surprising t hat hypertension and ANS activity are related.
49)
In old age, ANS efficiency decreases. Constipation (due to GI motility decline), dry eyes, and frequent eye infections
50)
parasympathetic
51)
Experimentation involving meditation and biofeedback have indicated that this is possible. Meditating yogis have
52)
1. The autonomic is a two-neuron system; the somatic uses one outside the CNS.
53)
After a meal, parasympathetic influences dominate, which increase digestive functions while decreasing cardiac and
54)
1. They have unique origin sites within the CNS.
55)
C
56)
D
57)
greater
Answer Key
92)
A
93)
A
94)
A
95)
A
96)
A
97)
A
98)
A
99)
A
100)
A
101)
B
102)
B
103)
A
104)
The fainting episodes are a result of orthostatic hypotension, due to slowed responding of aging sympath etic
105)
Signs of mobilization of the sympathetic nervous system are: pounding heart, rapid deep breathing, cold and sweaty
106)
Mrs. Oberhaus' doctor will perform a sympathectomy. Cutting the sympathetic fibers will result in dilation of the
107)
Inderal blocks beta-adrenergic receptors in the heart, thereby decreasing the influence of the sympathetic nervous
108)
External stimulation of the carotid artery would slow the heart down because of the parasympathetic effect of the